Europe prepares its banks to a shock on Greek debt - October 13, 2011

European politicians finally seem on the verge of their act together on the Greek case and the measures to try to resist contagion. The prospect of a consensus at the summit of October 23 has heightened expectations of financial marcéhs Wednesday.

The signal came from Paris, where the government is out of the woods on the delicate issue of recapitalizing banks with public funds. "We have no doubt about the strength of French banks but there is turbulence in financial markets that cause the increase of capital of European banks has become a necessity," conceded Valérie Pécresse, Minister for the Budget and is speaking for the government.

If Bercy always prefers a recapitalization by the "private capital", the Minister acknowledged that France was willing to inject itself of public money to support its banks.But only "if necessary, ultimately," insists on all sides. Still, Paris is on the side of Germany, who suspected her of wanting rather to apply the European Stability Fund (EFSF), to avoid jeopardizing its AAA. Now for Berlin, there is no question that States have the means to put themselves out to the pocket have had recourse to the help system mutusalisée what the Fund. "The EFSF can lend to some countries who need loans to recapitalize their banking system, France will not appeal there," committed Valérie Pécresse. If banks do not hammer need to be recapitalized, the French government, however, stand ready, in case …

Paris is therefore close to Berlin. And position strangely similar to that outlined Wednesday by José Manuel Barroso.Calling for a "fully coordinated approach," the President of the European Commission has called on banks to beef up their capital "temporarily" but "emergency". Private funds, public money or relief of EFSF, that each country is doing: Europe is the strength of its banking system can no longer be doubted.

30% to 60% discount

For this, the European banking supervisor is the maneuver. According to the Financial Times, the European Banking Authority will impose a hard capital ratio of 9%, a considerable jump from 5% who had served as a reference during stress tests in July. All, by mid-2012. But the effort goes further. The supervisor collects the latest encryption on sovereign debt portfolios of the banks to deduct equity securities on these discounts applied by the markets.

If the bank building is now consensus among European politicians is that a taboo is jumping, that of non-payment of Greece. Of course, nothing is official act. But when Barroso calls for "decisive action on Greece" to qd'assurer the viability of the Greek economy is emerging between the lines a massive debt waiver. Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou does not hide the power struggle in which he was hired: "We negotiate every day to reduce this debt." Of "responsible for the euro area" quoted by Reuters are considering the possibility of a cross on 30% to 50% of Greek debt.The President of the Eurogroup, Jean-Claude Juncker, has even mentioned a discount of more than 60% earlier in the week before his entourage back-pedal.

For now, banks consider in their accounts that they must give up 21% of their claims of Athens, in accordance with the agreement of July 21. It is to be able to take the shock of restructuring more violent they are asked to display ratios above reproach.

Meeting turned to Merkel and Sarkozy - October 10, 2011

Faced with the fear of a general banking collapse, the Franco-German couple is once again under the spotlight. And once again, things are not simple. Nicolas Sarkozy on Sunday in the German capital to "speed up" with Angela Merkel the implementation of the bailout of a Euro still full turbulence. The urgent need for the French president and German chancellor, is to flatten their differences on the use of the European Financial Stability Fund (EFSF) and reach a tentative agreement on the thorny issue of the recapitalization of banks.

Angela Merkel ruled Thursday that "there was a need to recapitalize, it would be reasonable to invest money" in terms of what could cost an emergency rescue industry.But she insists on the fact that the Fund will be used to bail out financial institutions on the condition that states can not themselves "to support the recapitalization of their banks' and it puts" endangered the euro area as a whole. "

In fact, Paris Berlin suspected of wanting to directly use the emergency fund to recapitalize banks weakened by the prospect of a debt reduction Greek. "The French have misunderstood the EFSF, decrypts it does in Berlin. Our position is that banks must first seek funding markets, and the side of the national public authorities. Only when there is no money available comes the European level. The EFSF is a tool for countries like Greece or Portugal.If a country like France – among the strongest financially of the euro area – wants to appeal, then this is the door open for all members of the area had ro dig into the fund. "

Berlin suspects Paris

An over-interpretation, says it does on the French side. "We have not yet begun to discuss that!" Do we wonder at the Elysee. At Bercy, it ensures not see fundamental differences with Berlin. "We agree with Germany, said the entourage of the Minister of Economy, Baroin, the fact that more capital into banks, including French," even if only to meet new international standards of Basel III in 2013.Whenever possible, the French banks also plan to comply with without recourse to the capital, let alone the U.S. – by separating certain activities if necessary, by distributing fewer profits to build equity .

But if there had to be re-capitalization, especially to reassure investors, "the sources must first be private," insists one at Bercy. "Ultimately, this should be to rely on injections of public capital." According to Paris, "a European coordination is essential to determine the amount of capital to meet the deadline by which this capital is to be achieved, and the tools for that. " It is on these criteria that France and Germany could agree this weekend.For its part, Brussels will make proposals for a coordinated recapitalization "in the coming days."

Moreover, given the deepening crisis, Angela Merkel has gradually accepted the idea of ​​economic governance of the European Union, defended by Nicolas Sarkozy. Expanding the powers of EFSF part of this process. However, the Chancellor – who imposed hard fought his troops to ratify the Bundestag building – is faced with a majority crossed by a strong current Eurosceptic.

Markets would also like to know more about the technical means to leverage the clout of EFSF. These contain the spread of the crisis heavyweight like Italy, Spain, and Portugal, while the levees are still weak.Should we go further and erase a more substantial part of the Greek debt? Should we consider that the Fund provides guarantees? The German finance minister, Wolfgang Schäuble, at least possible that Germany spends more money than EFSF the 211 billion passed by the Bundestag.

These tensions, it is now the standard mode of operation between Paris and Berlin. Pressure mounts on both sides of the Rhine, until a compromise emerges in a head-to-head at the highest level. Given their respective domestic political weakness or Merkel or Sarkozy can not afford a failure.

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Why Kindle Fire is so cheap - September 29, 2011

Since the presentation of the tablet from Amazon on Wednesday night, no one talking about it: price, so aggressive. At $ 199, Kindle the Fire will be 60% cheaper than the first of the iPad, sold to 499 dollars (489 euros in France). If the surprise is – analysts had expected, at best, at a rate of $ 249 – Tablet Amazon profits actually a series of well thought out choices that contribute to get its costs down without crop quality business

The difficult conversion of athletes - September 25, 2011

Leaving a few weeks ago his book "When I was Superman," the former professional rugby player Raphael Poulain thought might not meet such a promotion for his first work. His testimony, however, echoes the experience of dozens of former athletes who have not managed early enough or seriously enough after their career. While attempting an acting career, the former player of the French stage is always at RSA …

Carefree, career fantasy, sports drink business … there are many pitfalls to a successful second career. "The Transformation of an elite athlete must be thought as soon as possible, even if the training choices that we made 18 years are not necessarily the same as the desires of end of career," insists Bruno Martini Former goalkeeper of France handball and now general manager of the Paris Handball.

"As soon as possible"

Do nothing in a hurry: the board is now accepted by all players around athlete (coaches, associations, consulting companies to sports, some agents). Many entities are trying to build bridges between the world of sport and of the company. Renault, official partner of the XV of France, has just launched with Proval (union of professional rugby players), a program offering a career to former professional players. One type of initiative more often the values ​​of the sporting world (fighting spirit, a taste for effort …) are highly valued in the business world.

In fact, the discourse is much more difficult to move among young people, especially in sports most media, such as football."Today a young footballer aged 15-16 in the training center already won 500 to 600 euros per month and turned professional at 18, with a nice salary," explains Sébastien Pampanay, director of the Ecole des sports occupations professional, working with football clubs on the training of young athletes. "Even in lesser-known individual sports such as tennis, table tennis a young age of 16 wins in the good clubs from 3500 to 4000 euros net per month. After that, go ask them to pass the exam! "Adds Thierry Maudet, executive director of the National Sports Institute, expertise and performance (INSEP), which trains and prepares high-level individual sports.

Social responsibility of clubs

The less publicized sports such as handball and volleyball are in turn more favorable to a successful conversion.Less concerned with early and huge income, keep young athletes' head on his shoulders. " Especially as their media visibility weaker does not help sponsors and advertising contracts very generous. "Clubs are beginning to understand they have a social responsibility on the support of their post-professional players," said Bruno Martini, 80% of its players are trained parallel.

In rugby, the professionalisation of sport sometimes lose their heads to the younger generations, but those who experienced the period amateur took the lead. With varying success. Kémana Spa, the spa center of Serge Betsen, former International XV of France, filed for bankruptcy earlier this year for lack of sufficient involvement in the management of his company he acknowledges himself.Not enough to scald his brothers studs, "who do not know offline realities professionalism," said Miguel Fernandez, players' agent. " Of the 30 French rugby parties in New Zealand, 14 have a side like Lionel Nallet (mechanical parts), Imanol Harinordoquy (clothing brand) or Vincent Clerc (Team One Group: event and sports marketing).

However, despite the good will, training remains a matter of priorities, and even sacrifices. His 30-year well underway, Bruno Martini had to change twice before finding a club in Nimes framework laid him to spend his degree club manager.

Fault lines as sports

Overall, fault lines affect the earliness and quality of the preparation of a post-career.Whether you are male or female, international sports or not, and in a team sport or individual management of retirement sports varies widely. However, the main difference between the high-profile sports and the more confidential. In the first case, the financial gains will promote a higher awareness of the athlete against the importance of rapidly forming a capital, and form. "In France, only 150 players on the 2000 working professionals do not have to worry financially for a second life project, warns Sébastien Pampanay. However, thinking of his conversion is still not part of the natural gait of a professional football player, unlike other sports where the mentality is different. "

For example, the judoka Décosse Lucie, triple world champion and European champion four of his discipline follows a parallel training as a journalist with the CFJ. A woman in an individual sport, the economy far less developed than that of football or rugby would be aware of any financial potential of his career. But exceptions exist, such as media Mickaël Landreau, footballer and current goalkeeper of the club Lille LOSC, now in training (master of management).

Ultimately, the issue of supervision and training of the athlete according to his discipline are crucial. "There is not a sport, but sports, with different realities, warns of Insep Thierry Maudet. The current problem is that we have cloned the same mode of organization for all disciplines.A gymnast has a volume of training equal or even greater than that of a footballer, to operate in a sport to the economic model does not exist! ". From this point of view, the family and the maturity of the sport often make the difference. "Too many young athletes are not yet aware of these constraints. They dream to come true in their sport, "career" and to live, says the head of school sport. We must make them understand that their responsibility in the field, it should be taken also in life. "

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The luxury cars are unaware of the crisis - September 16, 2011

Car manufacturers ultra-luxurious living on another planet. The downside risks, of concern to general groups, do not seem to disturb them. Concessions in the Ferrari, "consumers are not worried about a recession. The last I saw did not look desperate, "said Sergio Marchionne, the CEO of Fiat, at the Frankfurt Motor Show.

The Prancing Horse brand also provides for a new record this year by selling 7,000 cars, against 6,570 last year. Ferrari is also counting on a profit before tax "significant", following an increase of 23% in 2010 to 302 million euros. "I'm not worried because we have quality, exclusivity, a strong brand and innovative technology," said its president, Luca Cordero di Montezemolo.

It is the only one to be extremely confident.Rolls-Royce (BMW Group), whose boss, Torsten Mueller-Oetvoes, said he was "optimistic" about prospects for its niche, also wants to exceed its historical performance of last year (2711 cars). The luxury brand will invest 11.4 million euros to expand its plant in Goodwood English and plans to increase its network from 85 to 100 outlets.

Buyers richer

Sales of the major European luxury brands (Maserati, Lamborghini, Ferrari, Bentley, Rolls-Royce and Aston Martin) are expected to jump 19% this year to 28,100 vehicles, and increase by 13% in 2012, according to a study by IHS Automotive. "The rich are becoming richer, and the number of millionaires in emerging and growing. It is a very positive trend "for specialists in this niche, says Erich Hauser, an analyst at Credit Suisse agency quoted Bloomberg.For him, "should things go really bad" for the champions of this market find themselves in difficulty.

The ultra-premium segment should be able to pass through an economic downturn better than in the previous crisis, which saw sales of certain brands to collapse, says the CEO of Rolls-Royce. "This market has been growing steadily since its low point in 2009" but "we are aware that there are risks," acknowledges, however, Stephan Winkelmann, Lamborghini's boss. But for now, the Italian brand of the Volkswagen group does not seem to fear a decline in the purchasing power of its wealthy clients. It will produce 20 Sesto Elemento for early 2013. Their price: 1.6 million euro.

The Air Force says its network to Alcatel - September 1, 2011

State budget pressure forces, the army is also looking for sources of savings. For example, by outsourcing certain activities through public-private partnerships (PPP), as authorized by an order of 2004. This solution, released Thursday, used by the Directorate General of armemement (DGA) for the renovation and operation of computer networks of the Air Force. It is the latter's second PPP, but the first in computer networks and communications. This task was assigned to a pool of companies, led by Alcatel-Lucent.One hundred sites will be to equip several hundred buildings and 36,000 wired "access points" (to connect a computer or system) in very high speed to install with the latest generation of optical fiber.

This contract runs on sixteen for a value of 350 million euros, the amount of the fee to be paid by the Air Force. The economy of the State is estimated at "tens of millions of euros" through the pooling of engineering resources with other projects that also piloting Alcatel-Lucent. The gain is not only economic: the rapid deployment of networks "will allow the bases of the Air Force to have the most advanced technologies." In addition, the provider has made commitments in terms of availability and reliability of networks, together with a penalty system.The contract also includes an obligation to "up-date" mid-life, so that the networks have the latest technology payday lenders.

The most basic to confidential defense

The project will begin in the coming weeks and deployment of the network will be completed in three years. The first "job" however the network will be operational by late 2012. In total 50,000 people are affected by the implementation of these networks that manage the flow of general computer air force, operational information – including monitoring the French airspace – as well as data for preparing missions and conduct operations. This, with a level and a degree of protection from the most basic information to the "secret NATO" or "confidential defense".In this regard, the staff of the state will retain control over the management of cryptographic hardware.

This is the second PPP signed by the Air Force. In 2008, the School of Dax, which trains helicopter pilots of the French Army, jumped on it. She chose the company as DCI external service provider, by entrusting its helicopter fleet, maintenance, and flight hours. All in under a current contract on twenty-two years to 400 million euros, 600 million less than if the school had continued to manage everything herself.

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Kodak's patents inflame lust - August 18, 2011

Many observers believe that Kodak missed the turn of the digital. The giant of photography at the age of 130 years, could now take his revenge with his key weapon: a portfolio of 1100 patents for digital imaging. These inflame the lusts of the giants of the computing and telephony, Apple to Microsoft via Research in Motion (RIM) – Blackberry's parent company – and Google, which multiply purchases in this sector to enhance the functionality their phones.

The phenomenon was illustrated recently by the acquisition for $ 12.5 billion, Motorola's Mobility by Google. An operation that allows the Internet giant to hand over a lucrative portfolio of nearly 17,000 patents telephone.In early July, a consortium led by Apple and Microsoft spent $ 4.5 billion to acquire the patents of the Canadian telecom equipment supplier Nortel for bankruptcy.

"Clearly, the ability to take pictures and send them to mobile devices is critical for manufacturers of smartphones, and Kodak may hold the key technologies that provide these services," said Paul Ausick, the financial website 24 / 7 Wall Street.

Kodak ready to sell

More operations and acquisitions are increasing the portfolio of Kodak takes the value. The financial firm MDB Capital, in an interview with the Bloomberg financial agency, has said the group's 1100 patents were worth, in today, nearly three billion dollars. All of Kodak's intellectual property would be five times the value of the company itself.The news panicked investors rushed to the title at the New York Stock Exchange yesterday. The action Eastman Kodak jumped 25.70% to 2.69 dollars.

Kodak, no question of missing the boat. According to the Wall Street Journal, the manufacturer of cameras "began promoting its portfolio this week, contacting companies that might be interested." Kodak said currently "explore strategic alternatives" for its patents.

When it is launched, the battle for the acquisition of these technologies will be tough. Kodak could play the card by removing the grudge he accuses Apple and RIM already violating its patents on technology for viewing photos on their iPhone and BlackBerry.

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Nicolas Sarkozy is accelerating its cost-cutting plan - August 11, 2011

A return express. Nicolas Sarkozy called Wednesday morning at the Elysee a "working meeting" surprise, to "take stock" (and know) market in crisis, amid concern for the euro area. Since the worsening financial situation, the head of state was managing the crisis from its resort on the Var coast, so you do not send alarming signals to markets. "There, it was easier to gather everyone in Paris, says it at the Elysee. But the sine qua non, there was not too brutal market drop, that morning. Otherwise, the meeting would have made things worse. "

The secret had been carefully guarded.And the Elysee waited for the reopening of markets on Wednesday morning to publish (at 9:22) the press release announcing the meeting, held in the green room, in the presence of Prime Minister François Fillon – back to Tuscany, he left in the aftermath – and the Governor of the Banque de France, Christian Noyer. Ministers Baroin (Economics), Valerie Pécresse (Budget), Alain Juppe (Foreign Affairs) and John Leonetti (European Affairs) had been asked the day before returning to Paris for the occasion.

Anxious to reassure the markets in a context of "excitement," Nicolas Sarkozy wanted to remember with great fanfare that France was determined to achieve its goals in reducing deficits (5.7% of GDP in 2011, 4.6% l Next year, 3% in 2013).Trajectory necessary to preserve the precious "AAA" rating (see below).

Unpopular decisions

In a statement, the Elysee reiterated Wednesday that those commitments are "bound regardless of changing economic conditions." Sarkozy asked Baroin Pécresse and make proposals for further savings, as part of preparing the draft budget law for 2012. The budget minister said that the Figaro tax loopholes – but not those in the service of employment – will be far removed. "The employment protection is a barrier," nuance Pécresse, who wants loop "a budget of fiscal justice" with "effort shared by all."Sarkozy and Fillon will be August 17 to prepare the trade-offs which will be made Aug. 24 before being endorsed by the Cabinet next week.

The head of state wants to take advantage of the worsening situation to prepare public opinion for unpopular decisions fast cash. But he also wants to show the French that the policy since 2007 (non-replacement of a staff of two, pension reform, etc.). Is one of the reasons why France would keep its credibility on the market. "Current developments validate the economic strategy led by the government," insists the Elysée in a statement. During yesterday's meeting, which lasted over two hours, Sarkozy further held that the measures taken by France and its partners since the beginning of the crisis had begun to bear fruit."There was a relaxation on the market for sovereign debt, we must keep a cool head," said Baroin to the output, hours before a new European stock markets dive. Reportedly, Nicolas Sarkozy is expected to meet German Chancellor Angela Merkel in the coming days. The date has not been set.

The head of state also discussed Wednesday the famous "golden rule", he wishes to include in the Constitution. "He called everyone's responsibility, beyond the partisan divide." Again, Sarkozy wants to use the crisis to push its advantage, and put the opposition – who refuses to vote – to the wall. The president spoke at length on the telephone Tuesday with Jean-Pierre Chevenement about it.Reportedly, François Fillon could end of August to stage a number of meetings with opposition figures had proved "constructive" on the subject, as Jean-Pierre Chevenement, Manuel Valls, François Dominique de Villepin or Bayrou. Interviews that aimed to isolate a little PS. "We can not build with those who want to destroy," says a close associate of President.

After the meeting, held in an Elysium in full work, the walls completely covered in scaffolding, Sarkozy thanked the ministers for their presence: "You can return your vacation spots," Has he said. "Oh? We have the right to say the word now? It is no longer taboo? "Ministers had fun. For Baroin and Pécresse, "the work continues."The two "musketeers" of the right must be found this weekend with the Minister of Economy in the Creuse, to work on measures they present earlier this week to the president. As for the head of state, he took over the road from Cape Negro on Wednesday, late afternoon.

MTV, transgressive for 30 years - August 9, 2011

Thirty years and not a wrinkle. MTV has reached a venerable age but decided not to grow old with those who, on 1 August 1981, discovered amazed the first television channel dedicated to music. A pioneer, she said that day, not only by imposing as a signature image of an astronaut planting a flag alum and weapons of MTV but also by spreading the first music video in the history of television, Video Killed the Radio Star of Bugglers. Created by Warner and American Express, American chain invented at the time, "the first form of synchronization between picture and sound," but also popularized "the phenomenon of DJs who will push to the extreme contextualization of the music. "In short, MTV is a string subversive.

"Music has long been a huge factor for personalization and identification of the artists," says Thierry Camas, president of MTV Networks France. "We got dressed, and adopted the lifestyle of our stars." With MTV, fans no longer confined to the glossy magazines but follow the escapades and the hits of their heroes on TV and live … historical moments. And Michael Jackson invented the moonwalk, virtually live on the chain-y launched its exclusive clip Thriller. A real event that had nothing to envy to the cinema with his unique format of 14 minutes.This video has forever changed the art of music video and assured the heyday of the chain.

Sensor trend and unparalleled observer of the youth which is the heart of business, MTV is probably the first to feel the mid-1990s that music is becoming commonplace in the extreme. Developed in 2010, the words "Music Television" logo. "The accessibility of music on all platforms, sharing it via social networks has introduced a twist that few industries have known," said Thierry Camas.

Teen in all its formats

The chain is reinventing its original format and media proclaims generational and transgressive. In those years, the musical chain accounts for only 50% of the grid. But to counteract this movement, the group creates variations 100% music.MTV puts adolescents at the center of its innovative all-out in terms of formats. It in the headlines by inventing the first two reality shows with "The Real World" in 1992 and later, the controversial "Jackass." The chain has also exported its "Pimp My Ride," the reality show with crazy cars. Bought in 1986 by Viacom, MTV is developing an international and binding on all distribution platforms. It now operates in 160 countries and has 170 variations. For the group, only one word: "preserve the value of content" on all modes of broadcasting, including video on demand.

"We're agnostic in terms of distribution provided that we are paying," insists Thierry Camas.Today, the group derives its income to 60% of the royalties from operators and 40% advertising.

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Lagardère: Guy Wyser-Pratte took the AMF - August 5, 2011

American financier Guy Wyser-Pratte does not disarm in the folder Lagardère. Almost eighteen months after the general meeting of 27 April 2010 during which the two resolutions he had proposed were rejected at 76% and 78%, Guy Wyser-Pratte against attack. Wednesday, August 3, he sent a letter to the Financial Markets Authority (AMF), in which he contested the vote count at the meeting of shareholders of the group.

The American activist took some time to gather evidence to support its contention. Today, it provides the AMF documents showing that the ten funds managed by AllianceBernstein (a subsidiary of AXA Group), a leading shareholder group Lagardere with 10% of the shares, would have voted for he had presented two resolutions.

For investigation

A resolution was to appoint him to the Supervisory Board of Lagardère.Resolution B was to amend the prerogatives of-stock by requesting that the general partners do not vote more consistently before the sponsors. Guy Wyser-Pratte also produces documents from two firms specializing in proxy voting investors (ISS and Broadridge). They would have gathered the voices of various U.S. institutional investors in favor of two resolutions A and B. Finally, he instructed the firm McKenzie to a total of U.S. investors vote in favor.

"In total, we can demonstrate that counting only the votes of shareholders represented by American myself, AllianceBernstein, Broadbridge and ISS, my application to the supervisory board received 44% of the vote of the quorum present at the meeting. In addition, it is likely that other European shareholders have also voted in my favor.I therefore request the AMF to conduct an investigation to understand the origin of the discrepancy between the results of the AG and the counting done by us, "said Guy Wyser-Pratte no faxing 1 hour payday loans. In 2010, the AMF had already audited BNP Paribas, which had been in charge of counting votes at the annual meeting of shareholders.

Returning to the issue today, Guy Wyser-Pratte hopes remobilize American and European shareholders for the next general meeting of 2012.

In March 2010, Guy Wyser-Pratte had burst into the capital of Lagardère by buying up 0.53% of the shares. He then publicly criticized the governance of the group protesting against the existence of a partnership limited by shares and had criticized the lack of strategy of management.The tone was mounted and Philippe Camus, a member of the sponsorship of the Lagardère group, the AMF had seized a few days before the general meeting, marveling at the distortion between saber rattling by Guy Wyser-Pratte and the reality of the impact of the two draft resolutions.

Strategy of focusing

Arnaud Lagardère had benefited from the rostrum of the General Assembly to address the critical Guy Wyser-Pratte. Some time after the general meeting, it had sold substantially all of its shares, pocketing a nice way to gain. Today, he is left only about 100,000 titles.

The tension had fallen, but after this episode heated, the Lagardère Group has implemented a strategy of refocusing on its core businesses – publishing, distribution, media and sport – and the country where he holds a position leadership.Suddenly, the group undertook to sell all of its minority, especially in Canal + France, the Amaury group and the group Marie-Claire. For now, these sales have stalled. However, Lagardère Active has led to the charge of selling most of its international press center to the American group Hearst, to 654 million euros. This represents a hundred titles in a dozen countries.